Magnetization in high-tc superconductors
A interesting feature of magnetization curves intersecting atthe same point for a wide
range of magnetic fieldswas observed in high-Tcsuperconductors long time ago, such as
Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+(BSCCO) [1], YBa2Cu3O7- (YBCO) [2]. It was found that theintersection
point was no longer the same for all the magneticfields in several classes of layered highTcsuperconductors, such asHgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+(HBCCO) [3], La2-xSrxCuO4(LaSCO) [4].
Normally, for superconductormaterials such as YBCO, HBCCO, and optimally doped
LaSCO,the intersection point moves from a high temperature at lowfields to a lower
temperature as the magnetic field increases.The intersection point is always belowTc.
Magnetization in high-Tc superconductorshas been studied theoretically [5] within both
the microscopic theory and the Ginzburg-Landau approach. In all of these calculations the
fluctuationswere assumed to be small enough, so they can be taken intoaccount
perturbatively. To determine theoreticallyfluctuation magnetization for strong thermal
fluctuations,we therefore must go beyond this simple approximationneglecting the effect of
the quartic term in the Ginzburg-Landau freeenergy. The effect of the quartic term in
Ginzburg-Landau free energy is taken into accountwithin the self-consistent theory.

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Tóm tắt nội dung tài liệu: Magnetization in high-tc superconductors
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC SỐ 20/2017 87
MAGNETIZATION IN HIGH-TC SUPERCONDUCTORS
Bui Duc Tinh, Le Minh Thu, Nguyen Quang Hoc
Hanoi National University of Education
Abstract: We use the self-consistent method in the presence of magnetic field for the
Ginzburg-Landau description of strongly thermal fluctuations effects to calculate
magnetization in high-Tc superconductors. The obtained results are summation over all
Landau levels which are valid for arbitrary values of the magnetic field not too close to
Hc1. It is showed that the intersection point of magnetization curves appears and
magnetization just below Tc is nonmonotonic. Our calculation supports the phase
disordering picture of fluctuations above Tc.
Keywords: Magnetization, superconductor, magnetic, high-Tc
Email: bdtinh@hnue.edu.vn
Received 05 December 2017
Accepted for publication 25 December 2017
1. INTRODUCTION
A interesting feature of magnetization curves intersecting atthe same point for a wide
range of magnetic fieldswas observed in high-Tcsuperconductors long time ago, such as
Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+(BSCCO) [1], YBa2Cu3O7- (YBCO) [2]. It was found that theintersection
point was no longer the same for all the magneticfields in several classes of layered high-
Tcsuperconductors, such asHgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+(HBCCO) [3], La2-xSrxCuO4(LaSCO) [4].
Normally, for superconductormaterials such as YBCO, HBCCO, and optimally doped
LaSCO,the intersection point moves from a high temperature at lowfields to a lower
temperature as the magnetic field increases.The intersection point is always belowTc.
Magnetization in high-Tc superconductorshas been studied theoretically [5] within both
the microscopic theory and the Ginzburg-Landau approach. In all of these calculations the
fluctuationswere assumed to be small enough, so they can be taken intoaccount
perturbatively. To determine theoreticallyfluctuation magnetization for strong thermal
fluctuations,we therefore must go beyond this simple approximationneglecting the effect of
the quartic term in the Ginzburg-Landau freeenergy. The effect of the quartic term in
Ginzburg-Landau free energy is taken into accountwithin the self-consistent theory.
88 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THỦ ĐÔ HÀ NỘI
2. GINZBURG-LANDAU MODEL
We start with the Gibbs free energy in two dimension
⃗ ⃗
= ′ ∫ [ , ] + , (1)
where F is the free energy given by
ℏ
[ , ] = ′ ∫ ⃗ + ( − ∧)| | + | | . (2)
Here is the order parameter effective “thickness”, is the order parameter describing
superconductivity, is mass of Cooper pair, the covariant derivatives are defined by ⃗ ≡
∗
∇ + ⃗( ∗ = 2| | is charge of Cooper pair), the vector potential describes constant and
ℏ
homogeneous magnetic field ⃗ = (− , 0).
Throughout most of the paper we use the coherence length ξ as a unit of length,
∗
(0) = ℏ / as a unit of the magnetic field, = /2 Λ as dimensionless order
parameter. The dimensionless Boltzmann factor becomes
⃗
,
( , ) = = ∫ ⃗ − (1 − Λ)| | + | | , (3)
Λ Λ
∗
where = / , = 2 with = 2 being the Ginzburg-
Λ ′ ℏ Λ
Landau parameter.
The thermodynamic (effective) Gibbs energy [6],
G t ln Z , (4)
defined as dimensionless thermodynamic Gibbs energy, which determines the magnetization
and Z is the partition function of the Gibbs ensemble
G
Z D D exp D D exp( g [ ]) . (5)
T
Performing the same rescaling of fields: º / = ( , ) + [ ], where fis given
in Eq. (3), b=B/Hc2 and
⃗ ⃗
[ ] = ∫ − ℎ . (6)
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC SỐ 20/2017 89
3. MAGNETIZATION WITHIN THE SELF-CONSISTENT METHOD
Magnetization in the presence of thermal fluctuation is determined from
2
G 1 * f
Z D D (b h ) 0 . (7)
b b2 t
Taking the derivative, one obtains
1 t f
m b h Z 1 D * D exp(g[ ]) . (8)
4 2 2 b
Since κ 1 magnetization is small b h/ 4 2 h , and it suffices to consider
a simpler statistical sum
≈ ∫ DΨ Ψ∗ − = ∫ DΨ Ψ∗ (− [Ψ]). (9)
We take f[,]KW b , which are defined below,
= ∫ ⃗ + (2 − )| | , (10)
= ∫ [( + − 1 − 2 )| | + | | ]. (11)
The thermodynamic free energy in Eq. (4) can be written as
fgauss f1 W , (12)
where
t b
f tlog D D exp( K ) log( nb ) , (13)
1
2 n 0
t b 1 b 1 b 1 2
. (14)
W t
2 2 n 0nb 2 n 0 nb
At large n the sums diverge, so one need to introduce an UV momentum cutoff which
effectively limits the number of Landau levels to Nf / b 1. Finally, total
thermodynamic free energy takes a form
2
1 1 T 1
fgauss log 1 t log 1 log
2 2 Tc 2
90 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THỦ ĐÔ HÀ NỘI
1 t b 2
u'' u t u , (14)
2
1
where u'( ,t) f ( / b) log b, f is PolyGamma function, and the temperature Tc is
2
renormalized
TTc 1 log , (15)
2
2 e *
Note that t t, t T / T , 2 Gi , Gi 2 4 4 T 2 (T is now
c2 c
s s' c
replaced by Tc).
The gap equation is arrived by minimizing the free energy density of the system
fgauss/=0
1 t b
2 tu '( , t ) (16)
2
Combining Eqs. (4), (8), (9), and (14), the average magnetization in the sample is
obtained
1 f
m gauss . (17)
2 2 b
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In order to illustrate the main features of our model, we take as example a common
material, like La2-xSrxCuO4 (LSCO). Typical characteristic parameters are then: =24 K for
the critical temperature under very small electric field and no magnetic field, = 0.1 for the
o
strength of thermal fluctuations, Hc2=45 T for the critical field, and s’=8A for the effective
“thickness” of layer.
In Fig.1 the magnetization curves computed according to Eqs. (16) and (17), are shown
for different temperatures. The theoretical magnetization just below Tcis nonmonotonic,
consistent withthe experiment [7,8]. Above Tc, the theoretical magnetization is still
nonmonotonic, which mean that thermal fluctuation plays important role.
In Fig.2, the magnetization curves computed according to Eqs. (16) and (17), are shown
for different magnetic field. Our calculation show that the intersection point magnetization
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC SỐ 20/2017 91
curves is belowTc in wide region of magnetic field, which is consistent with experimental
[6,7]. This feature cannot be explained by the mean field theory that can only be explained
by theory of thermal fluctuation.
Fig. 1. Magnetization as a function of magnetic field, for different temperature
Fig. 2. Magnetization as a function of temperature, for different magnetic field
5. CONCLUSION
We have studied effect of thermal fluctuation on magnetization of high-Tc
superconductor by using the self-consistent method with Ginzburg-Landau model. Our
results including all Landau levels are valid for arbitrary values of the magnetic fieldnot too
close to Hc1. The method used in the present paper can also apply to strongtype II low-Tc
superconductors. Our magnetization just below Tc isin fact nonmonotonic, consistent with
theexperiment. Our calculation supports the phase-disorderingpicture of fluctuations
advocated by La2-xSrxCuO4[9].
92 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THỦ ĐÔ HÀ NỘI
Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the National Foundation for Science
and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) of Vietnam under Grant No. 103.02-2017.316.
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3. M. J. Naughton (2000), Phys.Rev.B61, p.1605.
4. Y.M.Huh and D.K.Finnemore (2002), Phys.Rev.B 65, p.092506.
5. A.Larkin and A.Varlamov (2005), Theory of Fluctuations in Superconductors(Clarendon Press,
Oxford.
6. B.Rosenstein and D.Li (2010), Rev.Mod.Phys. 82, p.109.
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ĐỘ TỪ HÓA CỦA VẬT LIỆU SIÊU DẪN NHIỆT ĐỘ CAO
Tóm tắt: Chúng tôi sử dụng phương pháp tự hợp trong hình lý thuyết Ginzburg-Landau để
tính toán ảnh hưởng của thăng giáng nhiệt lên độ từ hóa của vật liệu siêu dẫn nhiệt độ cao
đặt trong từ trường. Kết quả thu được bao gồm tất cả các mức Landau mà có thể áp dụng
cho từ trường bất kì không quá gần Hc1. Kết quả chỉ ra rằng các đường từ hóa cắt nhau
và không đơn điệu dưới nhiệt độ Tc. Tính toán của chúng tôi xác nhận pha mất trật tự do
thăng giáng nhiệt ở trên Tc.
Từ khóa: Độ từ hóa, vật liệu siêu dẫn, từ trường, nhiệt độ cao
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